Cochineal (Dactylopius coccus) is a scale insect in the suborder Homoptera, native to tropical and subtropical South America and Mexico. A primarily sessile parasite, it lives on cacti from the genus Opuntia, feeding on moisture and nutrients in the cacti. The insect produces carminic acid to deter predation by other insects. Carminic acid can be extracted from the body and eggs of the insect to make an expensive crimson or carmine red coloured dye.
Carmine is one of the very few pigments considered safe enough for use in eye cosmetics. A significant proportion of insoluble carmine pigment produced annually is used in the cosmetics industry for hair and skin care products, lipsticks, face powders, rouges, and blushes. A bright red dye and the biological stain carmine used in microbiology is often made from the carmine extract, too. The pharmaceutical industry uses cochineal to colour pills and ointments.
When Phillip II of Spain was sick, he was fed a mixture of ground cochineal beetles fed to him on his silver spoon.
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